Pod design (20%)

Labels And Annotations

Deployments

Jobs

Cron Jobs

Labels and Annotations

kubernetes.io > Documentation > Concepts > Overview > Working with Kubernetes Objects > Labels and Selectors

Create 3 pods with names nginx1,nginx2,nginx3. All of them should have the label app=v1

kubectl run nginx1 --image=nginx --restart=Never --labels=app=v1
kubectl run nginx2 --image=nginx --restart=Never --labels=app=v1
kubectl run nginx3 --image=nginx --restart=Never --labels=app=v1
# or
for i in `seq 1 3`; do kubectl run nginx$i --image=nginx -l app=v1 ; done

Show all labels of the pods

kubectl get po --show-labels

Change the labels of pod ‘nginx2’ to be app=v2

kubectl label po nginx2 app=v2 --overwrite

Get the label ‘app’ for the pods (show a column with APP labels)

kubectl get po -L app
# or
kubectl get po --label-columns=app

Get only the ‘app=v2’ pods

kubectl get po -l app=v2
# or
kubectl get po -l 'app in (v2)'
# or
kubectl get po --selector=app=v2

Add a new label tier=web to all pods having ‘app=v2’ or ‘app=v1’ labels

kubectl label po -l "app in(v1,v2)" tier=web

Add an annotation ‘owner: marketing’ to all pods having ‘app=v2’ label

kubectl annotate po -l "app=v2" owner=marketing

Remove the ‘app’ label from the pods we created before

kubectl label po nginx1 nginx2 nginx3 app-
# or
kubectl label po nginx{1..3} app-
# or
kubectl label po -l app app-

Annotate pods nginx1, nginx2, nginx3 with “description=‘my description’” value

kubectl annotate po nginx1 nginx2 nginx3 description='my description'

#or

kubectl annotate po nginx{1..3} description='my description'

Check the annotations for pod nginx1

kubectl annotate pod nginx1 --list

# or

kubectl describe po nginx1 | grep -i 'annotations'

# or

kubectl get po nginx1 -o custom-columns=Name:metadata.name,ANNOTATIONS:metadata.annotations.description

As an alternative to using | grep you can use jsonPath like kubectl get po nginx1 -o jsonpath='{.metadata.annotations}{"\n"}'

Remove the annotations for these three pods

kubectl annotate po nginx{1..3} description-

Remove these pods to have a clean state in your cluster

kubectl delete po nginx{1..3}

Pod Placement

Create a pod that will be deployed to a Node that has the label ‘accelerator=nvidia-tesla-p100’

Add the label to a node:

kubectl label nodes <your-node-name> accelerator=nvidia-tesla-p100
kubectl get nodes --show-labels

We can use the ‘nodeSelector’ property on the Pod YAML:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: cuda-test
spec:
  containers:
    - name: cuda-test
      image: "k8s.gcr.io/cuda-vector-add:v0.1"
  nodeSelector: # add this
    accelerator: nvidia-tesla-p100 # the selection label

You can easily find out where in the YAML it should be placed by:

kubectl explain po.spec

OR: Use node affinity (https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/assign-pods-nodes-using-node-affinity/#schedule-a-pod-using-required-node-affinity)

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: affinity-pod
spec:
  affinity:
    nodeAffinity:
      requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
        nodeSelectorTerms:
        - matchExpressions:
          - key: accelerator
            operator: In
            values:
            - nvidia-tesla-p100
  containers:
    ...

Taint a node with key tier and value frontend with the effect NoSchedule. Then, create a pod that tolerates this taint.

Taint a node:

kubectl taint node node1 tier=frontend:NoSchedule # key=value:Effect
kubectl describe node node1 # view the taints on a node

And to tolerate the taint:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: frontend
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
  tolerations:
  - key: "tier"
    operator: "Equal"
    value: "frontend"
    effect: "NoSchedule"

Create a pod that will be placed on node controlplane. Use nodeSelector and tolerations.

vi pod.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: frontend
spec:
  image:
    name: nginx
    image: nginx
  nodeSelector:
    kubernetes.io/hostname: controlplane
  tolerations:
  - key: "node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane"
    operator: "Exists"
    effect: "NoSchedule"

kubectl create -f pod.yaml

Deployments

kubernetes.io > Documentation > Concepts > Workloads > Workload Resources > Deployments

Create a deployment with image nginx:1.18.0, called nginx, having 2 replicas, defining port 80 as the port that this container exposes (don’t create a service for this deployment)

kubectl create deployment nginx  --image=nginx:1.18.0  --dry-run=client -o yaml > deploy.yaml
vi deploy.yaml
# change the replicas field from 1 to 2
# add this section to the container spec and save the deploy.yaml file
# ports:
#   - containerPort: 80
kubectl apply -f deploy.yaml

or, do something like:

kubectl create deployment nginx  --image=nginx:1.18.0  --dry-run=client -o yaml | sed 's/replicas: 1/replicas: 2/g'  | sed 's/image: nginx:1.18.0/image: nginx:1.18.0\n        ports:\n        - containerPort: 80/g' | kubectl apply -f -

or,

kubectl create deploy nginx --image=nginx:1.18.0 --replicas=2 --port=80

View the YAML of this deployment

kubectl get deploy nginx -o yaml

View the YAML of the replica set that was created by this deployment

kubectl describe deploy nginx # you'll see the name of the replica set on the Events section and in the 'NewReplicaSet' property
# OR you can find rs directly by:
kubectl get rs -l run=nginx # if you created deployment by 'run' command
kubectl get rs -l app=nginx # if you created deployment by 'create' command
# you could also just do kubectl get rs
kubectl get rs nginx-7bf7478b77 -o yaml

Get the YAML for one of the pods

kubectl get po # get all the pods
# OR you can find pods directly by:
kubectl get po -l run=nginx # if you created deployment by 'run' command
kubectl get po -l app=nginx # if you created deployment by 'create' command
kubectl get po nginx-7bf7478b77-gjzp8 -o yaml

Check how the deployment rollout is going

kubectl rollout status deploy nginx

Update the nginx image to nginx:1.19.8

kubectl set image deploy nginx nginx=nginx:1.19.8
# alternatively...
kubectl edit deploy nginx # change the .spec.template.spec.containers[0].image

The syntax of the ‘kubectl set image’ command is kubectl set image (-f FILENAME | TYPE NAME) CONTAINER_NAME_1=CONTAINER_IMAGE_1 ... CONTAINER_NAME_N=CONTAINER_IMAGE_N [options]

Check the rollout history and confirm that the replicas are OK

kubectl rollout history deploy nginx
kubectl get deploy nginx
kubectl get rs # check that a new replica set has been created
kubectl get po

Undo the latest rollout and verify that new pods have the old image (nginx:1.18.0)

kubectl rollout undo deploy nginx
# wait a bit
kubectl get po # select one 'Running' Pod
kubectl describe po nginx-5ff4457d65-nslcl | grep -i image # should be nginx:1.18.0

Do an on purpose update of the deployment with a wrong image nginx:1.91

kubectl set image deploy nginx nginx=nginx:1.91
# or
kubectl edit deploy nginx
# change the image to nginx:1.91
# vim tip: type (without quotes) '/image' and Enter, to navigate quickly

Verify that something’s wrong with the rollout

kubectl rollout status deploy nginx
# or
kubectl get po # you'll see 'ErrImagePull' or 'ImagePullBackOff'

Return the deployment to the second revision (number 2) and verify the image is nginx:1.19.8

kubectl rollout undo deploy nginx --to-revision=2
kubectl describe deploy nginx | grep Image:
kubectl rollout status deploy nginx # Everything should be OK

Check the details of the fourth revision (number 4)

kubectl rollout history deploy nginx --revision=4 # You'll also see the wrong image displayed here

Scale the deployment to 5 replicas

kubectl scale deploy nginx --replicas=5
kubectl get po
kubectl describe deploy nginx

Autoscale the deployment, pods between 5 and 10, targetting CPU utilization at 80%

kubectl autoscale deploy nginx --min=5 --max=10 --cpu-percent=80
# view the horizontalpodautoscalers.autoscaling for nginx
kubectl get hpa nginx

Pause the rollout of the deployment

kubectl rollout pause deploy nginx

Update the image to nginx:1.19.9 and check that there’s nothing going on, since we paused the rollout

kubectl set image deploy nginx nginx=nginx:1.19.9
# or
kubectl edit deploy nginx
# change the image to nginx:1.19.9
kubectl rollout history deploy nginx # no new revision

Resume the rollout and check that the nginx:1.19.9 image has been applied

kubectl rollout resume deploy nginx
kubectl rollout history deploy nginx
kubectl rollout history deploy nginx --revision=6 # insert the number of your latest revision

Delete the deployment and the horizontal pod autoscaler you created

kubectl delete deploy nginx
kubectl delete hpa nginx

#Or
kubectl delete deploy/nginx hpa/nginx

Implement canary deployment by running two instances of nginx marked as version=v1 and version=v2 so that the load is balanced at 75%-25% ratio

Deploy 3 replicas of v1:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: my-app-v1
  labels:
    app: my-app
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: my-app
      version: v1
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: my-app
        version: v1
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
        volumeMounts:
        - name: workdir
          mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
      initContainers:
      - name: install
        image: busybox:1.28
        command:
        - /bin/sh
        - -c
        - "echo version-1 > /work-dir/index.html"
        volumeMounts:
        - name: workdir
          mountPath: "/work-dir"
      volumes:
      - name: workdir
        emptyDir: {}

Create the service:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: my-app-svc
  labels:
    app: my-app
spec:
  type: ClusterIP
  ports:
  - name: http
    port: 80
    targetPort: 80
  selector:
    app: my-app

Test if the deployment was successful from within a Pod:

# run a wget to the Service my-app-svc
kubectl run -it --rm --restart=Never busybox --image=gcr.io/google-containers/busybox --command -- wget -qO- my-app-svc

version-1

Deploy 1 replica of v2:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: my-app-v2
  labels:
    app: my-app
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: my-app
      version: v2
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: my-app
        version: v2
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
        volumeMounts:
        - name: workdir
          mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
      initContainers:
      - name: install
        image: busybox:1.28
        command:
        - /bin/sh
        - -c
        - "echo version-2 > /work-dir/index.html"
        volumeMounts:
        - name: workdir
          mountPath: "/work-dir"
      volumes:
      - name: workdir
        emptyDir: {}

Observe that calling the ip exposed by the service the requests are load balanced across the two versions:

# run a busyBox pod that will make a wget call to the service my-app-svc and print out the version of the pod it reached.
kubectl run -it --rm --restart=Never busybox --image=gcr.io/google-containers/busybox -- /bin/sh -c 'while sleep 1; do wget -qO- my-app-svc; done'

version-1
version-1
version-1
version-2
version-2
version-1

If the v2 is stable, scale it up to 4 replicas and shoutdown the v1:

kubectl scale --replicas=4 deploy my-app-v2
kubectl delete deploy my-app-v1
while sleep 0.1; do curl $(kubectl get svc my-app-svc -o jsonpath="{.spec.clusterIP}"); done
version-2
version-2
version-2
version-2
version-2
version-2

Jobs

Create a job named pi with image perl:5.34 that runs the command with arguments “perl -Mbignum=bpi -wle ‘print bpi(2000)'”

kubectl create job pi  --image=perl:5.34 -- perl -Mbignum=bpi -wle 'print bpi(2000)'

Wait till it’s done, get the output

kubectl get jobs -w # wait till 'SUCCESSFUL' is 1 (will take some time, perl image might be big)
kubectl get po # get the pod name
kubectl logs pi-**** # get the pi numbers
kubectl delete job pi

OR

kubectl get jobs -w # wait till 'SUCCESSFUL' is 1 (will take some time, perl image might be big)
kubectl logs job/pi
kubectl delete job pi

OR

kubectl wait --for=condition=complete --timeout=300s job pi
kubectl logs job/pi
kubectl delete job pi

Create a job with the image busybox that executes the command ‘echo hello;sleep 30;echo world’

kubectl create job busybox --image=busybox -- /bin/sh -c 'echo hello;sleep 30;echo world'

Follow the logs for the pod (you’ll wait for 30 seconds)

kubectl get po # find the job pod
kubectl logs busybox-ptx58 -f # follow the logs

See the status of the job, describe it and see the logs

kubectl get jobs
kubectl describe jobs busybox
kubectl logs job/busybox

Delete the job

kubectl delete job busybox

Create a job but ensure that it will be automatically terminated by kubernetes if it takes more than 30 seconds to execute

kubectl create job busybox --image=busybox --dry-run=client -o yaml -- /bin/sh -c 'while true; do echo hello; sleep 10;done' > job.yaml
vi job.yaml

Add job.spec.activeDeadlineSeconds=30

apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
  labels:
    run: busybox
  name: busybox
spec:
  activeDeadlineSeconds: 30 # add this line
  template:
    metadata:
      creationTimestamp: null
      labels:
        run: busybox
    spec:
      containers:
      - args:
        - /bin/sh
        - -c
        - while true; do echo hello; sleep 10;done
        image: busybox
        name: busybox
        resources: {}
      restartPolicy: OnFailure
status: {}

Create the same job, make it run 5 times, one after the other. Verify its status and delete it

kubectl create job busybox --image=busybox --dry-run=client -o yaml -- /bin/sh -c 'echo hello;sleep 30;echo world' > job.yaml
vi job.yaml

Add job.spec.completions=5

apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
  labels:
    run: busybox
  name: busybox
spec:
  completions: 5 # add this line
  template:
    metadata:
      creationTimestamp: null
      labels:
        run: busybox
    spec:
      containers:
      - args:
        - /bin/sh
        - -c
        - echo hello;sleep 30;echo world
        image: busybox
        name: busybox
        resources: {}
      restartPolicy: OnFailure
status: {}

kubectl create -f job.yaml

Verify that it has been completed:

kubectl get job busybox -w # will take two and a half minutes
kubectl delete jobs busybox

Create the same job, but make it run 5 parallel times

vi job.yaml

Add job.spec.parallelism=5

apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
  labels:
    run: busybox
  name: busybox
spec:
  parallelism: 5 # add this line
  template:
    metadata:
      creationTimestamp: null
      labels:
        run: busybox
    spec:
      containers:
      - args:
        - /bin/sh
        - -c
        - echo hello;sleep 30;echo world
        image: busybox
        name: busybox
        resources: {}
      restartPolicy: OnFailure
status: {}

kubectl create -f job.yaml
kubectl get jobs

It will take some time for the parallel jobs to finish (>= 30 seconds)

kubectl delete job busybox

Cron jobs

kubernetes.io > Documentation > Tasks > Run Jobs > Running Automated Tasks with a CronJob

Create a cron job with image busybox that runs on a schedule of “*/1 * * * *” and writes ‘date; echo Hello from the Kubernetes cluster’ to standard output

kubectl create cronjob busybox --image=busybox --schedule="*/1 * * * *" -- /bin/sh -c 'date; echo Hello from the Kubernetes cluster'

See its logs and delete it

kubectl get po # copy the ID of the pod whose container was just created
kubectl logs <busybox-***> # you will see the date and message 
kubectl delete cj busybox --force # cj stands for cronjob and --force to delete immediately

Create the same cron job again, and watch the status. Once it ran, check which job ran by the created cron job. Check the log, and delete the cron job

kubectl get cj
kubectl get jobs --watch
kubectl get po --show-labels # observe that the pods have a label that mentions their 'parent' job
kubectl logs busybox-1529745840-m867r
# Bear in mind that Kubernetes will run a new job/pod for each new cron job
kubectl delete cj busybox

Create a cron job with image busybox that runs every minute and writes ‘date; echo Hello from the Kubernetes cluster’ to standard output. The cron job should be terminated if it takes more than 17 seconds to start execution after its scheduled time (i.e. the job missed its scheduled time).

kubectl create cronjob time-limited-job --image=busybox --restart=Never --dry-run=client --schedule="* * * * *" -o yaml -- /bin/sh -c 'date; echo Hello from the Kubernetes cluster' > time-limited-job.yaml
vi time-limited-job.yaml

Add cronjob.spec.startingDeadlineSeconds=17

apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: CronJob
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
  name: time-limited-job
spec:
  startingDeadlineSeconds: 17 # add this line
  jobTemplate:
    metadata:
      creationTimestamp: null
      name: time-limited-job
    spec:
      template:
        metadata:
          creationTimestamp: null
        spec:
          containers:
          - args:
            - /bin/sh
            - -c
            - date; echo Hello from the Kubernetes cluster
            image: busybox
            name: time-limited-job
            resources: {}
          restartPolicy: Never
  schedule: '* * * * *'
status: {}

Create a cron job with image busybox that runs every minute and writes ‘date; echo Hello from the Kubernetes cluster’ to standard output. The cron job should be terminated if it successfully starts but takes more than 12 seconds to complete execution.

kubectl create cronjob time-limited-job --image=busybox --restart=Never --dry-run=client --schedule="* * * * *" -o yaml -- /bin/sh -c 'date; echo Hello from the Kubernetes cluster' > time-limited-job.yaml
vi time-limited-job.yaml

Add cronjob.spec.jobTemplate.spec.activeDeadlineSeconds=12

apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: CronJob
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
  name: time-limited-job
spec:
  jobTemplate:
    metadata:
      creationTimestamp: null
      name: time-limited-job
    spec:
      activeDeadlineSeconds: 12 # add this line
      template:
        metadata:
          creationTimestamp: null
        spec:
          containers:
          - args:
            - /bin/sh
            - -c
            - date; echo Hello from the Kubernetes cluster
            image: busybox
            name: time-limited-job
            resources: {}
          restartPolicy: Never
  schedule: '* * * * *'
status: {}

Create a job from cronjob.

kubectl create job --from=cronjob/sample-cron-job sample-job
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